-RAM
-RAM standed for Random-access memory. It refers to a storage technology that allows you to read and write data as many times as needed.
-RAM is typically erased when a computer is shut down, though some RAM chips maintain data indefinitely without electrical power.
-RAM devices are not limited to memory chips, and random-access memory as a storage format is not limited to use as working memory.
Cache Memory
-A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM cache, is a portion of memory made of high-speed static RAM (SRAM) instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM) used for main memory.
-The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere.
-Some memory caches are built into the architecture of microprocessors.
-Memory caching is effective because most programs access the same data or instructions over and over.
-By keeping as much of this information as possible in SRAM, the computer avoids accessing the slower DRAM.
ROM
-Pronounced rahm, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on which data has been prerecorded.
-Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
-Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer.
-ROMs are used extensively in calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in ROMs.
Variation of a ROM is a PROM (programmable read-only memory). PROMs are manufactured as blank chips on which data can be written with a special device called a PROM programmer.
Flash Memory
-Flash Memory is a non-volatile computer storagechip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
-It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products.
-It is a specific type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once.
-Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed.
Graphic Card
-Graphics cards are PCBs (printed circuit boards) that perform the dual role of sending pixels to the display and providing a specific type of processing using a GPU (graphical processing unit).
-One of the main features of a graphics card is the ability to draw 3D graphics in realtime using a technique called rasterization.
-This involves converting 3D coordinates into areas of pixels and filling the areas with either a transformed image called a texture or a flat surface
-Most graphics cards can perform a technique called "Hardware Transform and Lighting".
-Graphics cards follow standard interfaces, such as PCI-E, PCI or AGP, meaning they are common attachments for desktop computer motherboards.
Sound Card
-Sound card is a component nside the computer that provides audio input and output capabilities.
-Most sound cards have at least one analog line input and one stereo line output connection.
Some sound cards also support digital audio input and output, either through a standard TRS (tip-ring-sleeve) connection or via an optical audio port, such as Toslink connector.
-In some computers, the sound card is part of the motherboard, while other machines may have an actual card that reside in a PCI slot.
-While professional sound cards can add more audio capabilities to your computer, another popular option for multi-channel recording is a breakout box. This is an external box that typically includes a built-in sound card and multiple audio connections.
Network Interface Card
-A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network.
-Network interface cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. Most home and portable computers connect to the Internet through as-needed dial-up connection.
-The modem provides the connection interface to the Internet service provider.
Plug and Play
-Plug and Play is a term used in the computer field to describe a computer's ability to have new devices, normally peripherals, added to it without having to restart the computer.
-There are a number of terms or variations that describe similar abilities, including PnP, and hot swapping.
-The term Plug and Play is most associated with Microsoft, who started using it in reference to their Windows 95 product.
-Plug and Play requires support both in hardware and in software.
-The hardware typically requires some sort of ID code that it can supply, in order for the computer software to correctly identify it. Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) used a simple four-bit code for this, but most systems use longer codes of several types in order to deliver more information, including names and serial numbers.
Serial Port
-The serial port is a type of connection on PCs that is used for peripherals such as mice, gaming controllers, modems, and older printers.
-It is sometimes called a COM port or an RS-232 port, which is its technical name.
-If that's not enough to confuse you, there are two types of serial ports -- DB9 and DB25. DB9 is a 9-pin connection, and DB25 is, you guessed it, a 25-pin connection.
-A serial port can only transmit one bit of data at a time, whereas a parallel port can transmit many bits at once.
-The serial port is typically the slowest port you'll find on a PC, if you find one at all. Most newer computers have replaced serial ports with much faster and more compatible USB ports.
Parallel Port
-Parallel port is an interface from a computer system where data is transferred in or out in parallel, that is, on more than one wire.
-There are usually several extra wires on the port that are used for control signals to indicate when data is ready to be sent or received.
-This type of port is most often used by a microprocessor to communicate with peripherals.
-Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks (LAN).
-It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the standard networking model as well as a common addressing format and a variety of Medium Access Control procedures at the lower part of the Data Link Layer.
-Ethernet has been commercially available since around 1980, largely replacing competing wired LAN standards.
-Most common are Ethernet over twisted pair to connect end systems, and fiber optic versions for site backbones.
High Definition Multimedia Interface
-RAM standed for Random-access memory. It refers to a storage technology that allows you to read and write data as many times as needed.
-RAM is typically erased when a computer is shut down, though some RAM chips maintain data indefinitely without electrical power.
-RAM devices are not limited to memory chips, and random-access memory as a storage format is not limited to use as working memory.
Cache Memory
-A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM cache, is a portion of memory made of high-speed static RAM (SRAM) instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM) used for main memory.
-The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere.
-Some memory caches are built into the architecture of microprocessors.
-Memory caching is effective because most programs access the same data or instructions over and over.
-By keeping as much of this information as possible in SRAM, the computer avoids accessing the slower DRAM.
ROM
-Pronounced rahm, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on which data has been prerecorded.
-Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
-Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer.
-ROMs are used extensively in calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in ROMs.
Variation of a ROM is a PROM (programmable read-only memory). PROMs are manufactured as blank chips on which data can be written with a special device called a PROM programmer.
Flash Memory
-Flash Memory is a non-volatile computer storagechip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
-It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products.
-It is a specific type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once.
-Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed.
Graphic Card
-Graphics cards are PCBs (printed circuit boards) that perform the dual role of sending pixels to the display and providing a specific type of processing using a GPU (graphical processing unit).
-One of the main features of a graphics card is the ability to draw 3D graphics in realtime using a technique called rasterization.
-This involves converting 3D coordinates into areas of pixels and filling the areas with either a transformed image called a texture or a flat surface
-Most graphics cards can perform a technique called "Hardware Transform and Lighting".
-Graphics cards follow standard interfaces, such as PCI-E, PCI or AGP, meaning they are common attachments for desktop computer motherboards.
-Sound card is a component nside the computer that provides audio input and output capabilities.
-Most sound cards have at least one analog line input and one stereo line output connection.
Some sound cards also support digital audio input and output, either through a standard TRS (tip-ring-sleeve) connection or via an optical audio port, such as Toslink connector.
-In some computers, the sound card is part of the motherboard, while other machines may have an actual card that reside in a PCI slot.
-While professional sound cards can add more audio capabilities to your computer, another popular option for multi-channel recording is a breakout box. This is an external box that typically includes a built-in sound card and multiple audio connections.
Network Interface Card
-A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network.
-Network interface cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. Most home and portable computers connect to the Internet through as-needed dial-up connection.
-The modem provides the connection interface to the Internet service provider.
Plug and Play
-Plug and Play is a term used in the computer field to describe a computer's ability to have new devices, normally peripherals, added to it without having to restart the computer.
-There are a number of terms or variations that describe similar abilities, including PnP, and hot swapping.
-The term Plug and Play is most associated with Microsoft, who started using it in reference to their Windows 95 product.
-Plug and Play requires support both in hardware and in software.
-The hardware typically requires some sort of ID code that it can supply, in order for the computer software to correctly identify it. Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) used a simple four-bit code for this, but most systems use longer codes of several types in order to deliver more information, including names and serial numbers.
Serial Port
-The serial port is a type of connection on PCs that is used for peripherals such as mice, gaming controllers, modems, and older printers.
-It is sometimes called a COM port or an RS-232 port, which is its technical name.
-If that's not enough to confuse you, there are two types of serial ports -- DB9 and DB25. DB9 is a 9-pin connection, and DB25 is, you guessed it, a 25-pin connection.
-A serial port can only transmit one bit of data at a time, whereas a parallel port can transmit many bits at once.
-The serial port is typically the slowest port you'll find on a PC, if you find one at all. Most newer computers have replaced serial ports with much faster and more compatible USB ports.
Parallel Port
-Parallel port is an interface from a computer system where data is transferred in or out in parallel, that is, on more than one wire.
-A parallel port carries one bit on each wire thus multiplying the transfer rate obtainable over a single cable (contrast serial port).
-There are usually several extra wires on the port that are used for control signals to indicate when data is ready to be sent or received.
-This type of port is most often used by a microprocessor to communicate with peripherals.
-The most common kind of parallel port is a printer port.
Universal serial Bus Port
-Universal serial bus, is a standardized interface that allows peripheral devices to be connected to a computer.
-Virtually all computers manufactured since early 2000 are equipped with USB ports, and the technology has cross-platform compatibility, meaning that it can be used to attach devices to Macintosh, Windows and Linux/UNIX computers.
-USB-enabled devices may be attached and disconnected from a computer while the computer is on, a process known as 'hot swapping.'
USB is an extremely versatile interface, compared to older interfaces such as serial and parallel connections.
-USB is supported by and compatible with all operating systems.
Firewire Port
-This high-speed interface has become a hot new standard for connecting peripherals.
-Created by Apple Computer in the mid-1990's, Firewire can be used to connect devices such as digital video cameras, hard drives, audio interfaces, and MP3 players, such as the Apple iPod, to your computer.
-A standard Firewire connection can transfer data at 400 Mbps, which is roughly 30 times faster than USB 1.1. This blazing speed allows for quick transfers of large video files, which is great for video-editing professionals.
-As long as your computer has PCI slots, you can purchase a PCI Firewire card to add Firewire ports to your computer.
Ethernet Port
-It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the standard networking model as well as a common addressing format and a variety of Medium Access Control procedures at the lower part of the Data Link Layer.
-Ethernet has been commercially available since around 1980, largely replacing competing wired LAN standards.
-Most common are Ethernet over twisted pair to connect end systems, and fiber optic versions for site backbones.
-"High-Definition Multimedia Interface" is an industry-supported, uncompressed, all-digital audio/video interface.
-HDMI provides an interface between any compatible digital audio/video source, such as a set-top box, DVD player, and A/V receiver and a compatible digital audio and/or video monitor, such as a digital television.
-HDMI supports standard, enhanced, or high-definition video, plus multi-channel digital audio on a single cable.
-HDMI also includes support for 8-channel uncompressed digital audio.
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